Antipsychotic drugs are the largest group in use to treat mental disorders. Antipsychotics known as neuroleptics, psychotropic, or a major tranquilizer. These drugs improve the process of thought and behavior of clients with psychotic symptoms, especially for people with schizophrenia, the drug is not in use to treat anxiety or depression. Basic theory states that the psychotic symptoms caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters, dopamine, the brain. Antipsychotics inhibit dopamine receptors in the brain, thus restoring psychotic symptoms. Many of antipsychotics inhibit kemoreseptor and central regions triggers vomiting (emetic) in the brain, resulting in antiemetic effect.
Antipsychotics can be classified into two groups: phenothiazines and nonfenotiazin.
1. Phenothiazine
Phenothiazine first introduced to treat psychotic behavior on the client's psychiatric hospital is chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Phenothiazines aliphatic divided into three groups. Chlorpromazine is in the aliphatic group. Aliphatic phenothiazines produce a strong sedative effect, lowering blood pressure, and may cause extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS = extrapiramidal symptoms pseudoparkinsonisme). Phenothiazine piperazin produce effects that are, a strong antiemetic effect, and some lower blood pressure. Piperadin phenothiazines have strong sedative effect, causing less extrapyramidal symptoms, can lower blood pressure, and had no antiemetic effect.

Pharmacokinetic
Oral absorption of chlorpromazine and proklorperazin vary; liquid form has a faster absorption rate. Because chlorpromazine strongly binds to proteins and has a long half-life, then the drug may have accumulated. Both chlorpromazine and proklorperazin metabolized by the liver and excreted as metabolites in urine.

Pharmacodynamic
chlorpromazine mainly prescribed for psychotic disorders and proklorperazin for nausea and vomiting. Proklorperazin have anticholinergic effects and should not be given to clients with narrow angle glaucoma. Because hypotension is a side effect of phenothiazines, then any given antihypertensive drugs at the same time may cause additive hypotensive effects. Narcotics and sedatives-hiponotik provided with phenothiazines may cause additive CNS depression. Antacids reduce the absorption rate of the two drugs.

2. Nonfenotiazin
Nonfenotiazin which is often given is butirofenon haloperidol (Haldol), a pharmacological behavior similar to the phenothiazines.

Pharmacokinetic
Haloperidol well absorbed through the gastrointestinal mucosa. This drug has a long half-life and high binding to proteins, so that this drug can be accumulated. Most of haloperidol is excreted into the urine.
Haloperidol modify the effect of dopamine by blocking dopamine receptors, so that sedation and EPS can occur. The drug is used to control psychosis and reduce the signs of agitation in adults and in children. Haloperidol have anticholinergic effects, so be careful in giving these drugs to clients with riwyat glaucoma.

Side effects and adverse reactions
There are some side effects that often occur associated with antipsychotics. Many of antipsychotics have anticholinergic effects, such as dry mouth, increased heart rate, urinary retention, and constipation. Blood pressure decreased on the use of antipsychotics; types of aliphatic and piperidine cause decreased blood pressure more than other drugs. Extrapyramidal symptoms most often occur in phenothiazine, butirofenon, and tiosantin and including pseudoparkinsonisme, akathisia, distonia, and dyskinesia tardif. Anticholinergic medications may be given to cause blood dyscrasias (blood cell disorders).
Side effects and adverse reactions klozapin (clorazin) is a Teru sustained tachycardia, with the added pulse 10-15 times / min, hypotension (9%), and hypertension (4%). Cardiovascular effects can be reduced with a low initial dose and gradually increased dosage. Constipation, nausea, abdominal discomfort, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea is sometimes reported, as well as incontinence and urinary retention are rarely reported.

Drug Interactions
Clients who take anticonvulsant should not be taking phenothiazines aliphatic and tiosantin because these groups of drugs lower seizure threshold. If one or two groups of antipsychotics are given, then it may take anticonvulsant in higher doses to prevent seizures.
Klozapin berinteraksidengan alcohol, hypnotics, sedatives, narcotics, and sedative effects of benzodiazepines so that the strengthening of antipsychotics. Antropin against EPS and strengthen the effect of antipsychotics. use of antihypertensives may cause additive hypotensive effects.
Antipsychotics should not be supplied with antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs other than with the intent to control psychotic behavior in certain individuals are refractory to drug therapy. Usually if an antipsychotic is ineffective, then the other one drug prescribed. The person concerned should not drink alcohol or other CNS suppressant (such as narcotic analgesics) together with antipsychotics because of the possibility of additive depressant effects. It has been reported that caffeine can inhibit the absorption of antipsychotics. geriartik client may require a lower dose yanh to reduce the occurrence of side effects.
During a stop antipsychotics, drug dosage should be reduced gradually to avoid sudden relapse of psychotic symptoms.
antipsychotics can alter glucose levels.

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